![]() ![]() 11) were studied and considered to be reactive catalysts due to the substantially high acidic catalyst characteristics for the hydrocarbon dissociation reactions and shape selectivity. ![]() 5–7 The zeolite catalysts based on USY zeolite, 4 MFI, 7 nano zeolite of BEA, 6 ZSM-22, 8 La, Ce-ZSM-12, 9 La-MTT, 10 and SSZ-54 (ref. Several studies have investigated the use of several catalysts for naphtha cracking to produce light olefins. Steam cracker units are commercially utilized in the petrochemical industry and these units are unselective 4 and operate at high temperatures in the range of 750–820 ☌ with higher GHGs emission. 3,4 There are two known methods in the industry that are applied to convert naphtha with and without catalysts. 2 The catalytic cracking of naphtha is one of the key processes for producing olefins (ethylene, propylene, and butenes), which are essential intermediate components for the petrochemical industry. 1 The utilization of naphtha feedstocks in high added-value chemicals will be increased for the long-term conversion to the higher demand chemicals such as olefins and aromatics. Introduction Naphtha obtained from fossil fuels for transportation is affected by electrical vehicle policies (EVs). The time-on-stream study highlighted the stability of the catalyst with ZrO 2 incorporated into the TiO 2 framework, to promote olefin yield from naphtha catalytic cracking. The study investigated steam catalytic cracking, which was slightly improved using a lower acidic Zr–Ti catalyst, while the propylene/ethylene ratio was unchanged. The surface acidity of the Zr–Ti catalyst promoted more cyclization reactions to produce benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX). The catalytic cracking of naphtha was increased as the moderate catalytic acidity strength increased and the 50% Zr–Ti oxide catalyst delivered higher conversion between 85–95% with olefin yield around 55–60%. The catalyst was stable from hydrogen reduction while the surface acidity was increased as more ZrO 2 was incorporated into the TiO 2 framework. The nanocrystal-sized catalysts were characterized and the cluster consisted of tetragonal ZrO 2 incorporated into anatase TiO 2. A zirconia–titania-based catalyst was synthesized by a co-participation method to study the catalytic cracking of heavy naphtha (dodecane) into high value-added olefins. ![]()
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